Smoking Cessation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Smoking Cessation - Essay Example It is a huge factor in three out of the five driving passing causes in the US †malignancy, coronary illness and constant obstructive pneumonic sickness (Berndt et al., 2011). Nicotine is the addictive medication in tobacco. To check these negative impacts of smoking, end programs must be advanced. Rice, Hartmann-Boyce and Stead (2013) characterize smoking suspension as the end of utilization of stogies, funnels and cigarettes. Smoking suspension diminishes the danger of experiencing lung malignant growth and smokers who quit prompt a decrease in their mortality proportion to 1.20 in a range of 10 years of non-smoking. The nursing procedure gives a deliberate structure in arrangement of expert and quality nursing care in smoking end (Maurer and Smith, 2013). It coordinates exercises on smoking end towards wellbeing advancement and security and anticipation of related infections. In the wake of evaluating the gathered information on smoking issues from a network, it would be signi ficant for medical caretakers to analyze the information. As indicated by Maurer and Smith (2013), this includes the examination and amalgamation of the evaluated information because of potential or real medical issues related with smoking. Rice et al. (2013) see that this stage includes the assurance of ineffectual wellbeing the board coming about because of smoking. It likewise includes the assurance of absence of data on smoking and its belongings in the network. Having distinguished the smoking issue, medical caretakers plan how to execute the smoking discontinuance plan in order to accomplish the expected objectives (Maurer and Smith, 2013). Arranging includes defining of objectives. It envelops focusing on the patient showing upkeep of progressively viable wellbeing designs. The patient ought to transparently examine the issues looked because of smoking and the advantages that discontinuance would offer. Medical attendants ought to likewise target shielding the patient free fr om being harmed during the smoking discontinuance treatment. The intercession stage includes the nurse’s job of care for patients showing smoking related issues. This should address the issues of the patient and build up an end relationship that instructs on smoking and the impact on an individual, family and network in general. Attendants ought to arrange for courses, trainings and network instruction on smoking and the related way of life and aid the advancement of a thorough consideration plan (Maurer and Smith, 2013). Wellbeing advancement associations would be utilized for reinforcing informal organizations and creating smoking suspension backing and impact arrangements. Along these lines, intercession for the most part includes expansion of remedial plans and minimization of components that empower smoking propensities. The third stage would envelop executing the proper intercession. With nursing concentrating on people in general, network level mediation would be suita ble for smoking end. The issue of smoking suspension could be drawn nearer from a network level where medical attendants devise moves toward that would advance the network standard as verified by Berndt et al. (2011), where the advantages of smoking suspension is upheld for. It is critical to likewise get ready for preventive methodologies. As indicated by Maurer and Smith (2013), this lessens realized hazard factors and upgrades defensive elements. This nursing procedure ought to advance non-smoking propensities in the network. All things considered, during detoxification, Rice et al. (2013) advocate for visit appraisals as the

The effect of motivation on behavior

In regular discussion, the inquiry â€Å"What propelled you to do that?† is a method of asking, â€Å"What caused your behavior?â Why did you act that way?†Ã¢ To clinicians, an inspiration is a need or want that serves to stimulate conduct and to guide it toward a goal.â Psychologists consider inspiration as a theoretical concept.â Hence, they derive inspiration from practices observe.But from a more extensive perspective, inspiration relates to the reason for responding.â The term originates from the Latin action word movere, which implies, â€Å"to move,† and it is the thing that causes development (conduct) that worries this paper.â The possibility of development is reflected in such realistic thoughts regarding inspiration as something that makes us go, keep us moving, and encourages us land positions done.â Conversely, an individual isn't roused when s/he can't appear to get up or off the couch (Pintrich, 2001).Despite these normally held though ts, meanings of inspiration are various and differed, and there is a lot of difference over the exact idea of motivation.â Motivation has been imagined in such shifted terms as including internal powers, suffering attributes, social reactions tom upgrades, and allowances of faith based expectations and influences (Schunk, D.H. 2003).Although inspiration has numerous features, clinicians have been particularly worried about those impacts that empower and direct responses.â Simply expressed, inspiration decides how solid a conduct will be and the structure it will take.â Moreover, a lot of what is thought about persuasive procedures originates from inquire about on how individuals react to the challenges, issues, disappointments, and mishaps experienced as people seek after objectives over time.â â Various hypotheses fight that inspiration underlies a lot of human conduct (Weiner, 2005).Psychologists have distinctive hypothetical points of view on motivation.â At present, t here are four persuasive methodologies that are powerful on how analysts have understoodâ motivation, to be specific, stream hypothesis, stress and adapting hypothesis, and characteristic and outward theory.Flow theoryCsikszentmihalyi (2005) contemplated people who occupied with naturally rousing exercises and found that their encounters reflected total inclusion with the exercises. This association, is known as the stream hypothesis, and is characterized as â€Å"the all encompassing impression that individuals feel when they act with complete involvement† (Csikszentmihalyi, 2005).According to Csikszentmihalyi, the stream is a lot of identified with other human intentions and has demonstrated that the measurements in this in pairs characterization are shut versus open-framework objectives and intra-versus interindividual processes.â Closed objectives are those that dictated by hereditary qualities (needs, hunger, thirst, security, ideal initiation) or socialization; open objectives create because of experience and can't be clarified by previous factors.â Interindividual forms are social in nature, while intraindividual forms allude to the person.â Flow is an individual procedure and reflects open fundamental objectives (Csikszentmihalyi and Rathunde, 2003).Moreover, people encountering stream are so strongly associated with an undertaking that they may lose familiarity with time and space.â They likewise look for a stream understanding for itself as opposed to for foreseen rewards.â Although stream can be knowledgeable about any movement, it is bound to happen with exercises that take into account free articulation and inventiveness, for example, games, play, and art.â De Charm’s starting point state imparts numerous components to flow.â In outrageous structure, people neglect a conventional way of life and most unforeseen material awards to take part in exercises that give stream (de Charms, 1996).There are various explores on th e stream theory.â These examines have demonstrated that in spite of being amorphous, the stream hypothesis makes instinctive sense.â Csikszentmihalyi (2002)â describes an exploration concentrate in which the Experience Sampling Method was employed.â Adults conveyed beepers that sounded a few times each week, at which time subjects appraised themselves on two ward variables:â Affect (containing things â€Å"happy,† â€Å"cheerful,† â€Å"sociable†) and actuation (including â€Å"active,† â€Å"alert,† â€Å"strong†).Subjects additionally made a decision about their circumstance for challenges present and aptitudes available.â The measure of time people made a decision about themselves to be in stream (characterized as difficulties and abilities present and equivalent to each other) was connected emphatically to influence and enactment (Csikszentmihalyi,2002).Mayers (revealed in Csikszentmihalyi, 2002) had secondary school studentsà ¢â‚¬â„¢ rate school subjects and exercises on challenge and skill.â Favorite exercises fell into the stream are (challenge= expertise): TV and music tuning in (low on every); companions (moderate); and expressions, for example, dramatization or artful dance, and sports (high on each).â Skills were decided to surpass difficulties in humanities and sociologies, coming about in boredom.â Challenges were evaluated as surpassing aptitudes in arithmetic and technical studies, coming about in anxiety.Other inquire about analyzed the stream encounters of three gatherings of adolescents.â One gathering went to a select government funded school in Italy, a subsequent gathering went to a run of the mill rural secondary school close to Chicago, and a third gathering involved capable math understudies from a top Chicago open school.â Students utilized the Experience inspecting Method.â The Italian teenagers announced more stream encounters than U.S. adolescents, particularly those ca pable in math.â Among the U.S. youngsters, those going to the commonplace school revealed the most measures of weariness (abilities surpass difficulties) and tension (challenges surpass skills).Interestingly, the gifted gathering scored fundamentally lower than the other two examples in detachment, characterized as aptitudes and difficulties in a state of harmony yet beneath normal (e.g., sitting in front of the TV, tuning in to music).â In total, encounters are equivalent for normal or more normal understudies across societies, though for capable U.S. adolescents, stream and indifference are rarer and weariness and nervousness are normal (.Csikszentmihalyi, 1995)These examines suggested that inspiration influences the conduct of people.â The stream hypothesis inferred that there is a condition of harmony between the measure of challenge in exercises and an individual’s capabilities.â People feel exhausted whenever their apparent abilities surpass their chances for ut ilizing them; they become on edge when they accept that difficulties surpass capabilities.â Flow can fluctuate power, with the basic variable being the proportion of challenge to skill.â The depicted relations probably hold for top just as ordinary encounters (Csikszentmihalyi, 2003).Intrinsic and Extrinsic hypothesis Deci and Ryan accepts that characteristic and outward persuasive powers administer behavior.â Extrinsic powers are prearranged naturally (e.g., food, rest) or get from the prize structure wherein the individual is mingled (cash, prestige).â Intrinsic powers develop out of the individual’s conviction that a given result merits taking a stab at (Deci and Ryan, 2001).Deci and his partners (Rigby, Deci, Patrick, and Ryan, 2002) have as of late conceptualized inspiration along both inherent and extraneous dimensions.â Intrinsic inspiration concerns exercises that are autotelic †occupied with for the wellbeing of their own †which by definition are self-determined.â Extrinsic inspiration includes a movement from practices that initially were extraneously persuaded yet became disguised and now are self-determined.â The primary level incorporates what Deci and his associates call outside regulation.â In their examination, they refered to the model that understudies at first might not have any desire to take a shot at math however do to get instructor remunerates and maintain a strategic distance from punishment.There is almost no self-assurance in this situation.â At the following degree of extraneous inspiration, understudies may participate in an errand (e.g., concentrate for an exam).â Deci and his partners call this introjected guideline on the grounds that the wellspring of inspiration is inside (sentiments of â€Å"should,† â€Å"ought,† blame) to the individual yet not self-decided since these emotions appear to be controlling the person.â The third level is called distinguished guideline and her e people take part in the action since it is actually essential to them.The model they refered to is that, an understudy may read hours for a test so as to persuade passing marks to be acknowledged into college.â This conduct speaks to the student’s own objective, in spite of the fact that the objective has greater utility worth (Wigfield and Eccles, 2002) than inborn worth, for example, learning.â The last degree of extraneous is coordinated guideline, whereby people can coordinate different interior and outer wellsprings of data into their own self-construction and take part in conduct on account of its significance to their feeling of self.This last level is as yet instrumental, instead of autotelic as in inborn inspiration, yet incorporated guideline represents a type of self-assurance and autonomy.â As such, both natural inspiration and coordinated guideline will bring about more intellectual commitment and learning than outer or introjected guideline (Rigby et al. , 2002).Deci and his partners' (Rigby et al., 2002) position is thought â€provoking, has created a lot of research, and has significant ramifications for the field.â Many focuses in the self-assurance model are not unmistakably indicated, yet specialists progressively are directing investigations that are adding to the comprehension of how this hypothesis clarifies how conduct changes through motivation.Stress and Coping Theory Richard Lazarus' pressure and adapting hypothesis was created from his few research on pressure and its belongings to people, and it stresses mental factors, in particular, the subjective procedures of discernment and thought.â Lazarusâ (1976, 1982, 1996) contends that it

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Early Action Decisions Wednesday 12/16 MIT Admissions plans to make Early Action decisions available online on Wednesday, December 16 at 9pm EST. When decisions are released, simply visit decisions.mit.edu and log in using the same username and password that you use to log into your MyMIT account. There are no interim screens, so you should be sure you are ready to receive your decision online before logging in to decisions.mit.edu. To ensure that you will receive a decision online, please visit decisions.mit.edu and enter your username and password. Decisions.mit.edu will be available through the decision date for applicants to confirm their login ability and decision eligibility. If youve forgotten your MyMIT password, you may use our automated system to reset it. Simply visit my.mit.edu and click on the lost password link. There is a similar link for forgotten usernames. If youre having trouble using our automated username/password recovery process, please email [emailprotected] with your full name and mailing address. Admissions decisions will be available exclusively online. Decisions will not be released via email, snail mail, carrier pigeon, or Nekobasu special delivery. Following the release of admissions decisions, however, we will be mailing necessary materials to admitted students, cylindrically. I wish you all the best!

Paronomasia Definition and Examples

Paronomasia also called  agnominatio is a rhetorical term  for punning, playing with words. The point of paronomasia, says  Wolfgang G. Mà ¼ller, is that a mere accidental phonetic relationship assumes the appearance of a semantic relationship. (Iconicity and Rhetoric in The Motivated Sign, 2001). The term paronomasia is sometimes used more loosely to describe a combination of words that are similar in sound. Etymology From the Greek: para: beside, onoma: name   Examples and Observations A good farmer is nothing more nor less than a handyman with a sense of humus.(E.B. White, The Practical Farmer)Champagne for my real friends and real pain for my sham friends.(credited to Tom Waits)I used to be a tap dancer until I fell in the sink.The Lone Hydrangea(name of a flower shop in Melbourne, Australia)Curl Up and Dye(beauty salon in London)Al’s Clip Joint(barber shop in London)Rock and Sole Plaice(fish chip shop in London)Award Wieners(Hollywood hot dog stand in Disneyland)Thai Me Up(Thai restaurant in Manhattan)I have a mind to join a club and beat you over the head with it.(Groucho Marx)Well, Id rather have a bottle in front of me than a frontal lobotomy.(Tom Waits on Fernwood2Night, 1977)Dishgusted, dishgusted, dishgusted.(ad for Lux dishwashing liquid)Were tobacco men . . . not medicine men. Old Gold cures just one thing. The Worlds Best Tobacco.(advertising slogan for Old Gold cigarettes)Peace is much more precious than a piece of land.(Anwar al-Sadat, speech in Cairo on March 8, 1978)Oh look—it has B-12 in it. I didn’t know that B-4.(commercial for Kelloggs Bran)Your children need your presence more than your presents.(Jesse Jackson)Contraceptives should be used on every conceivable occasion.(Spike Milligan)Horse Lovers are Stable People.(saying on a pillow in the Potpourri gift catalog)Every bubbles passed its fizzical(slogan for Corona soft drink)Yea, and so used it that were it not here apparent that thou art heir apparent.(Falstaff to Prince Hal in Henry IV, Part 1 by William Shakespeare) Paronomasia in Shakespeare Henry Peacham warns that [paronomasia] ought to be sparingly used, and especially in grave and weightie causes: that it is a light and illuding forme, which seemeth not to be found without meditation and affected labor. Contemporary awareness of its hazards, however, prevented neither [William] Shakespeare nor [Lancelot] Andrewes from employing paronomasia in the most serious of contexts. Desdemona, for example, catches her husbands habit of wordplay in trying to determine the reasons for his sudden coldness toward her; I cannot say Whore, she asserts, immediately before saying its sound again: It dos abhorre me now I speake the word (4.2)... Over and over, the force of the gathering objection to punning in general and to paronomasia in particular seems to have been that the fortuitousness of the connections it insists on makes it fundamentally a comic device; its appearance on the lips of a dying hero or, perhaps even more shockingly, at the climax of a sermon, came increasingly to be regarded as willfully and absurdly inappropriate. (Sophie Read. Puns: Serious Wordplay. Renaissance Figures of Speech, ed. by Sylvia Adamson, Gavin Alexander, and Katrin Ettenhuber. Cambridge University Press, 2008) The Lighter Side of Paronomasia: A Pungent Chapter The following half-baked exercise in  paronomasia  appeared in  Gleanings From the Harvest-Fields of Literature, Science and Art: A Melange of Excerpta, Curious, Humorous, and Instructive, edited by Charles C. Bombaugh (T. Newton Kurtz, 1860).   A Pun-Gent Chapter At one time there was a general strike among the workingmen of Paris, and Theodore Hook gave the following amusing account of the affair: The bakers, being ambitious to extend their   do-mains, declared that a revolution was needed, and, though not exactly   bred  up to arms, soon reduced their   crusty  masters to terms. The tailors called a council of the   board  to see what   measures  should be taken, and looking upon the bakers as the   flower  of chivalry, decided to follow   suit; the consequence of which was, that a   cereous*  insurrection was   lighted up  among the candle-makers, which, however wick-ed it might appear in the eyes of some persons, developed traits of character not unworthy of ancient   Greece. *  The adjective  cereous  means waxen or waxlike. Pronunciation:  par-oh-no-MAZE-jah

Soccer Essay Samples - an in Depth Anaylsis on What Works and What Doesnt

Soccer Essay Samples - an in Depth Anaylsis on What Works and What Doesn't Soccer Essay Samples - What Is It? A few of the controversies that were sparked Soccer essay topics is a favourite kind of assignment. While the completely free essays may give you inspiration for writing, they can't be used `as is' because they won't satisfy your assignment's requirements. Please be aware that a few of these college essay examples could possibly be responding to prompts that are no longer being used. To compose an impressive short essay, especially during an examination, you have to be in a position to hit the question and supply a straightforward answer while at the identical time observing the correct structure of an essay. Therefore, obtaining a thorough knowledge is quite essential whilst writing a soccer essay. If you're thinking that you require someone to compose my essay at this time, you can merely rely on our honest reviews. Selecting an essay writing service if you cannot deal to your academic task all on your own is an excellent choice. Writing an essay is a vital role in academe life. Make certain your essay follows a particular format, consisting of the appropriate partsA of essay. Essay writing is normally practiced is schools. It comes in several different forms. The Number One Question You Must Ask for Soccer Essay Samples It's too hard to place in your own creativity within a less quantity of time. Since you can see there are a lot of topics which can be related to sports research papers, which means you can pick the direction and make your own paper on a narrowed topic. There are several new things I learn at practice each and every day. Writing samples ought to be free of errors while showing a general idea about what subjects the business can produce content about. Soccer Essay Samples You could use 1 paragraph to discuss your short-term objectives and another to chat about your long-term targets. Games make the world a terrific place to reside. When marketing the World Cup for the very first t ime, there was the debut of the World Cup logo, which might easily identify FIFA. An individual may receive a couple of people together and a round ball and begin kicking it around and that might be considered soccer. Defenders need to be prepared to make a sliding tacklealert and prepared to back up their teammates in case of a mistake. Free kicks won because of fouls ought to be executed in accordance with the rules governing soccer. Leather balls were still popular despite the debut of the rubber ball. Leather soccer balls started to be water-proofed in the 1950s by means of synthetic paints. A lot of people also started playing a game similar to soccer. It benefits individuals of all ages. A sensible expectation may be half of a game. You are able to also follow up with a telephone call, especially if a coach is not able to email you back. Let's start by saying that I'll call football, as it's known around the planet, soccer. Also, if you'd like to speak with my club coach, I would like to know. In case the coach is very clever, it may be more. You are able to even check out several reviews and after that choose the business that is most suitable for your requirements and very affordable budget. Soccer is of course important in the college recruitment procedure, but in the majority of cases your very first impression on a college coach won't be on the area, it is going to be through an introductory email. The huge pothole on Elm Street that my mother was able to hit each day on the best way to school would be filled-in. Explain the vehicle connection better. The Characteristics of Soccer Essay Samples It's very beneficial to take writing apart to be able to see just the way that it accomplishes its objec tives. Our reviews contain information like the score of the clients, our rating, starting prices, Discounts, and caliber of the papers. It's extremely important to read carefully essay services reviews, because you wish to steer clear of low excellent services. You can also use tutoring services. The players abuse sportsmanship in various ways. While volleyball is quite popular around the planet, it cannot compete with soccer that is the most popular sport on the planet. The sport is very entertaining and fun also. This sport has altered the world in a lot of ways and has now become over a sport.

Unit 3 Screening and Assessment Free Essays

The Assessment Process Maria Barrezueta Kaplan University The Assessment Process Many sources of energy exist all around us, the two main forms of energy are kinetic and potential. While potential energy is less obvious, kinetic energy can be easier to identify. Energy comes from different sources, some that are renewable and others that have a limited supply. We will write a custom essay sample on Unit 3: Screening and Assessment or any similar topic only for you Order Now The world that we live in has a high demand for energy, and it is important to find alternative sources that are renewable and cost effective. It is beneficial to reflect on the energy that is used daily, try to find ways of using renewable resources, and making it a personal duty to conserve energy by reducing daily usage. Energy is used in many different ways, anything that is able to do â€Å"work† exhibits energy (Trefil Hazen, 2010). Humans rely on food for energy, as our bodies convert food into work (Trefil Hazen, 2010). With so many technical advances, energy has a significant role in our everyday lives. The alarm that is used to wake up, the lights that we use when its dark, the hot water that we use in the morning, the electricity that is used for a blow dryer or straightener, to make coffee and toast, the gas that is used to drive to work†¦it seems as energy sources are in constant use, half the time it happens effortlessly. Electricity is a source of energy that is used for many different appliances that serve our daily needs. It is however a secondary source of energy because it originates from coal, natural gas, oil, and nuclear (energy4me. com, 2013). Electricity can be made from renewable sources such as solar energy and wind (Trefil and Hazen, 2010). As electricity makes many of the tools we need functional, gas is also an energy source that is used at home, during travel and at work. Living in California, the weather is not a subject to complain about. Nonetheless, we use the air conditioner in the summer time and the heater in the winter. Some homes use electric stoves while others use gas. All of these energy sources come from petroleum; the energy source that provides fuel for our vehicles, heat for our homes, produces electricity, and is used in many everyday products (energy4me. om, 2013). According to Trefil and Hazen â€Å"Fuels like oil (petroleum), coal, and natural gas are called fossil fuels because they are the result of processes that happened long ago† (2010). Consequently, petroleum a very high in demand source of energy, is not renewable. Renewable energy has become a very important topic, as the need to conserve fossil fuels has increased significantly. When considering renewable resources, different factors exist such as reliability and cost. As mentioned earlier, the two main forms of renewable energy come from wind and solar energy because these sources are reliable and there are no global warming risks involved (Trefil and Hazen, 2010). Wind energy is a renewable source of energy; with the use of wind turbines, it generates electricity with each turn of the blade (energy4me. com, 2013). Since electricity is produced with each turn, the amount of energy obtained depends on the amount of wind available to that region. California has 3 main wind farms and are located in Tehachapi, Altamont Pass, and San Gorgonio (California Energy Commission, 2013). Wind energy is generally higher around spring and summer, which doesn’t make it a reliable source all year long. Using wind energy for personal home use would only work if one lived by the coast. Wind energy is not a renewable energy source that is available to many populations, thus would not be appropriate to residents looking for alternative energy sources. A renewable source that can be more accessible is solar energy, especially in California since energy is obtained from the sun. The use of solar energy has been around since ancient times, the amount of solar power available is endless. The downfall is that when the sun is not shining, there is no power generated. However, living in southern California, using solar energy is more readily available than in other regions because it is typically sunny. To use solar energy, solar panels that produce photovoltaic cells are created, these panels turn sunlight into electricity (energy4me. com, 2013). Another source of renewable energy is hydropower, which uses water to create electricity. Generally hydropower projects consist of a strong flow of water that puts pressure and turns the turbines that generate electricity (energy4me. om, 2013). Hydropower is a reliable source, however it would not be appropriate for southern Californians because the area is too dry and a hydropower project would not work. The main energy source that is used is petroleum, we use it for transportation, heating, cooling, and for its many other benefits. The disadvantage of petroleum is that only a limited supply exists. There is also a possible r isk of environmental damage whenever drilling for petroleum is done. The advantage of renewable energy sources is that the supply relies on the weather conditions. This means that as long as there is sunlight, solar energy can be produced. Wherever wet regions exist, hydropower projects can be set up, just as windy regions can use wind turbines to generate electricity. All of these resources are naturally available, thus allowing an endless supply of energy. Nonetheless, the main disadvantage of all renewable energy sources is that all of the methods discussed are quite costly. Building wind turbines can be expensive, however after they have been built, electricity is generated at no cost. The same with solar energy, it involves a high investment and only works with sunlight. However, the system does last 15-30 years which is a significant amount of time. The hydropower projects are not only pricey, but there is also a risk that it may have an environmental impact by changing the dam area (energy4me. com, 2013). Despite its disadvantage, it does has the capability of creating large amounts of power. It is important to take personal responsibility on the energy that is used, by practicing energy conservation. This can be done * In addition to using alternative forms of energy, energy conservation is also a significant way in which we can reduce our ecological impacts on the environment. Determine areas where you may already practice energy conservation and also identify at least 3 ways in which you can reduce your energy use both at home, at work, and in other actions you take on a regular Shawn_Edwards_Assignment2. doc References California Energy Commission (n. a. ) (n. d. ). Retrieved on April 18, 2013 from: http://www. energy. ca. gov/ Energy Sources (n. a. ) (2013). Retrieved on April 18, 2013 from: http://www. energy4me. org/ National Renewable Energy Laboratory (n. a. ) (2013) Retrieved on April 18, 2013 from: http://www. nrel. gov/ How to cite Unit 3: Screening and Assessment, Papers

Pygmalion Review Essay Example

Pygmalion Review Paper Essay on Pygmalion too godlike role it plays in her life, and its not very nice . B. Show Still, reread the classics is not something that is useful, but it is necessary. The more reread Show We will write a custom essay sample on Pygmalion Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Pygmalion Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Pygmalion Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Pygmalion is not for nothing was a landmark piece of this master so thin his work Where else can you meet so many subtle humor and irony, as the ability to observe and portray. But how to depict! in this no-frills, all couched in the right proportions, so to speak, is written with taste. this is what Pygmalion is written with integrity and with UWC om , very happy, because after the current literature that I came across last time, consistency and lack of frills in this work -. like a breath of fresh air All of the characters in the many realistic prescribed, even he begin to believe that at the beginning of the last century in London there lived a so-phonetist Pygmalion, who was able to bring out the flower girl Eliza Doolittle Duchess -Galateyu:) You can not help but admire how subtly noticed and spelled out the relationship between the characters is as I am not afraid of this word, it is vital ve ut yourself characters as their actions are logical, even though their (deeds) infantilism. For call a serious act of a dispute between two honorable gentlemen can not. Yes, and sculpting Eliza-Galatea using not name, because two adults never think about how their animated statue will to live more. I remember that when I read for the first time this work, somehow even greater regret noble gentlemen than Eliza. That there should be so stupid ?! It is strange to suspect that the beautiful Galatea will love this Pygmalion:) Specially re-read this book recently recently re-read it in high school, I wanted to recall the wonderful characters and the atmosphere, and humor the book on so much good that it is worth reading more than once as it is known, the most important sign of goodness literature:) the book will be at 100% of interest and those who are just I am watching musicals My Fair lady with O.Hepbern, since the film and the book are unique and compare they do not make sense, so read on and enjoy always !

Caliban quite complex Essay Example

Caliban quite complex Essay Example Caliban quite complex Essay Caliban quite complex Essay He is using his education to be evil and he is no doubt an evil character. he shows the contrast between the civilised and uncivilised man. This makes Caliban a very complex character, it is the battle between nature and nurture. Although he is educated he is superstitious and uses his education to do anything evil with it that is possible.  Although he is very poetic he is also a savage beast which symbolises the contrasts of people in the world. This is also a way of Shakespeare revealing his characters to the audience. In Act 2 Scene 2 Caliban enters the scene carrying a pile of wood. This symbolises the heavy burden of his duties and his situation both mentally and physically ad might provoke a reaction of sympathy from the audience. He hides under a cloth afraid that prospero has sent someone to torture him for being to slow with the wood. He would sound bitter a hateful. Trinculo enters the stage here and is also afraid but of the storm and hides under the same cloth as Caliban. He identifies Caliban as a fish. This makes Caliban quite complex because although he is not attractive to look at he is educated and sometimes more civilised that the two supposed civilised men. This is also how Shakespeare reveals his characters, through their appearance ad also through the way they speak. For example Caliban speaks in verse but Stephano and Trincuo speak in prose. He sees the fish and proclaims he could make some money out of him by letting people pay to see him. This is a rather evil and selfish thing to do. When Stephano enters the scene he is singing and is very drunk. Caliban thinks he is going to be tortured and begs for forgiveness. Do not torment me prithee : Ill bring my  wood home faster  Stephano has the same idea about making money out of Caliban which shows that Trinculo and Stephano are both lowly characters and not very civilised. Stephano gives wine to Caliban and thinks he is a monster with two voices but soon discovers that it is Trinculo. Shakespeare, in this scene, reveals Stephano and Trinculo as lowly characters using language. Both characters speak on prose. The pair celebrate and Caliban thinks they are gods. These be fine things, and if they be not sprites :  thats a brave god, and bears celestial liquor: I will kneel  to him.  Caliban is a very gullible character and this is one of his complexities. He receives a little kindness and makes the giver an instant god.  Hast thou not droppd from heaven?  He is a primitive character and although he can speak in an intelligent way he is still very superstitious and believes in gods of the sky and moon. This is also a way that Shakespeare reveals Calibans character, through his personality. In some sense he is stupid because he makes lowly people into great gods and is prepared to worship Trinculor and Stephano. He misjudges these characters. I will kiss thy foot: I prithee be my god.  Caliban is called a most ridiculous monster  Which of course is true. During his stupidity he doesnt forget his hatred for prosper and devises a plan to make Trinculo and Stephano the rulers of the Islands. he provokes humour but He is being laughed at not joining in with laughter.  He is making the same mistakes again.  Caliban is most likely better educated that Trinculo and Stephano. The two lowly characters are supposed to be civilised people yet they talk in prose compared to Caliban who talks in verse. This shows a contrast between the characters. Caliban is willing to worship people he is probably more civilised then. I agree that Caliban is a complex character. This is shown by the contrast between his vunerabilty and his venomous nature. Shakespeare reveals this through the appearance of Caliban, his language and the way he delivers his speech. He is a complex character as he can be venomous one moment and then talk about his island and be very poetic and delicate.

How to Write an Amazon Book Description That SELLS

How to Write an Amazon Book Description That SELLS How to Write an Amazon Book Description That Sells Selling books is a result of two factors: traffic and conversion. While the Amazon book description won't affect traffic (i.e., discoverability), it's one of the most important conversion factors (along with the cover, the reviews, and the "look-inside").For example, author Alessandra Torre self-published her first book on Amazon in 2012, and for the first three months of the release, she sold between five and fifteen copies a day. Then, on a whim, she changed the blurb on her Amazon page and saw her daily sales jump to 300 overnight. Her sales kept doubling to the point where she was selling 2,000 copies a day!What does this tell us? That optimizing your book description for online retailers is critical if you want to actually move copies. In this post on how to write a book description, we’ve condensed the process - for both fiction and non-fiction authors - into three steps:1. The Headline: Hook readers inAmazon only displays the first few lines of your product description, meaning you have very limited space to capture a reader’s attention enough to click on your book and find out more. That’s the role of the headline: if a reader’s attention isn’t grabbed straight off the bat, then you’ve already lost them.Having an effusive and descriptive pull quote for your first line is really effective, and you’ll see the technique used time and again by bestsellers and newcomers alike. Whether your reviews are editorial or reader reviews from Amazon or Goodreads, add them into your description. Word-of-mouth recommendations are great conversion tools.However, if you don’t have any suitable reviews or sales stats to speak of (yet), make sure that your first sentence fea tures a snappy, irresistible hook. The key to a good headline is to include keywords that people on the hunt for their next read will immediately recognize. This could be:GenreMajor themesA series nameAwardsBrands or celebrities involvedTIPS FOR FICTION†¦Here’s an example of a self-publishing author using social validation to hook readers in. â€Å"The million-selling series starts here,† it says, letting readers know that these books are really popular.Sincero’s description uses slightly more formal language for the previous sections of the Amazon page, while she’s still laying the groundwork for acquiring reader trust. She closes the deal by speaking more directly and causally to the reader, and appealing to emotion. They reiterate what readers will get out of the book and invite you to dive in.Tip for optimizing your wrap-up for Amazon: Don’t wait for people to leave reviews on your Amazon page - put them right in the book description your self. The wrap-up is a great place to include them, and if you already have a relationship with some of your reviewers, you can always ask them if you can amend their review slightly to include any keywords you haven’t hit yet. The three steps for writing an Amazon book description that sells. #pubtips And there you have it! Work on your attention-grabbing headline, your enticing blurb, your final selling points and you’ve got yourself an ace book description in the making. It might take a few tries to get it right, but it's more than worth the investment.Of course, if you find that your book is still underperforming even after revising your description, consider working with a professional who specializes in blurb and metadata optimization. These experts understand all the trends and techniques that go into a perfect description and can really help maximize your book's potential! When it comes to Amazon, your blurb and metadata are so important that you don't want to take a chance - so when in doubt, go pro.Have you picked up any of your own tricks for an effective Amazon book description? Leave any questions or thoughts in the comments below!

MOTIVATION CONCEPTS ANALYSIS Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

MOTIVATION CONCEPTS ANALYSIS - Research Paper Example Motivation is the intrinsic inducement that propels an individual to behave in specific ways. There have been a significant number of literatures covering the nature, theories and applications of motivation and its effect to job performance and satisfaction. Various scholars on human resources revealed diverse theories on motivation over time. In this regard, this essay is written to address the following issues, to wit: (1) choose one of the theories from the "Motivation Concepts Table," and describe how this theory would and would not be applicable if applied to two or more workplace situations drawn from one’s personal experience; and (2) in the instance in which the selected theory of motivation was not applicable to the workplace experience, assess the need to develop and create new theoretical models of motivation in todays changing work environment. What are the ramifications of failing to meet this challenge? Among the issues to consider are effects on personal satisfaction and productivity. The duly completed â€Å"Motivation Concepts Table† is included as an appendix. The motivational theory to be closely examined in terms of applicability to the workplace situation is the drive theory, particularly that of Freud’s. Finally, the workplace to be used for the purpose of determining the applicability of the theory is General Electric. The history of General Electric (GE) dates back in 1878 inspired by the first light bulb invented by Thomas Edison (GE: Fact Sheet, 2010). After 132 years, GE remains to be considered a leader in †global infrastructure, finance and media† (GE, 2010, par. 1) with diverse products and services ranging from appliances, consumer products, energy, lighting, software and services, among others. As a global corporation, it manages more than 300,000 personnel worldwide as of December 2009 (ibid.) According to its website, they are â€Å"renowned for hiring exceptional people and giving them

Developed and emerging markets firm Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Developed and emerging markets firm - Essay Example To date, emerging markets have become the greatest global growth driver. This has given rise to a debate concerning why one has to invest in the emerging markets. There are many reasons that can make an investor to consider investing in these regions. This paper explores the reasons for developed and emerging market firms investing in each other’s home regions. The paper also explains why reasons of these kind and entry strategy availability differed for Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in emerging and developed economies. An investor may invest in an emerging market in order to invest in a region that has displayed some considerable growth currently and in the future. These countries have a future that is foreseeable. Research done by the international monetary fund reported that the emerging economies have a two to three chance of growing faster than the countries that are developed. Such a narrative growth is extremely vital for investors that may fail to be clued on the bul l trends of the prominent Wall Street. In many cases, corporate profits are observed to be growing at a rate that is fast whenever the economic growth of a country or region is high. For example, US companies have increased their profit margin in the last twelve months due to the growing non-US markets. Besides this, some public investors have still considered emerging markets as underweight especially in their portfolios. Additionally, the emerging economies provides increased diversification as they appear to perform differently than the markets that are developed. This is a significant benefit towards an investor. Emerging markets are also considered as markets that have succeeded in decoupling of the long term and biggest West mature economies woes. For example, the Market Stanley index is an emerging market that consist of Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Columbia, Egypt, Israel, Czech Republic, Hungary, Indonesia, India, Korea, Jordan, Mexico, Malaysia, Morocco, Peru, Pakistan, Polan d, Russia, Taiwan, Venezuela, Thailand, South Africa, and Turkey (McAllister, 2006). In comparison to West countries, a number of emerging markets are normally well resourced, have a work force that is young and balance sheets that are strong. For example, India and China together have a population that is approximately three times that of the entire world. In this respect, markets that are emerging do represent about eighty six percent of the population of the world, seventy five percent of the landmass of the world, and about fifty percent of the growth domestic product of the world. In many cases, emerging markets, are displayed in different forms and sizes. In this respect, there are minimal similarities between the structures of finance and the returns drives on investments. For instance, financial systems and a highly developed economy like South Korea and the frontier markets have limited similarities. On the other hand, in emerging markets, the GDP per capita is normally hig her than in the poorer developed countries. For instance, Taiwan and Korea have a per capita of about $22,000, which is a high ratio margin compared to a number of European countries (McAllister, 2006). However, some emerging markets have extremely low ratios like India. India has a GDP of about $ 1500. The countries of the frontier are considered to be extreme. Countries like Qatar and Kuwait states of oil are the wealthiest countries in

Features of spoken English

Features of spoken English Task 2 Spoken discourse It is broadly accepted that spoken English has some features different from written English. Some scholars have generalized these characteristics. For example, Leech (2000) has put forward linguistic characteristics of the grammar of spoken English. Cornbleet and Carter (2001) also analysed certain features of spoken English. With the examples from the provided text1 and text2, some of these characteristics can be found and examined. Leech mentions one of the characteristics of the spoken language grammar: the use of personal pronouns which appears in both the two texts. Within the first text there are the first person I and the third person he frequently used; whereas the frequent pronouns are the first person I and the second person you in text 2. The use of substitutes and ellipsis also embody in the texts. In text1 line4 and line6, he can be viewed as a substitute of Doc Timm. Example of ellipsis can be found in text1 as well: in line 7 and I always remember putting that ether on me, the sender of giving the action of putting ether in the clause is omitted. Same ellipsis occurs in the next line. The sixth characteristic given by Leech, vague meaning can be seen in text2. Like that in line5 and line7 and that bit in line12 are rather vague expressions. Yet the lack of variety in word choice and the use of questions and imperatives are both distinct characteristics of spoken English. For example, in text1 the speaker uses took twice, putting and put respectively once. Text2 seems to be more obviously lacking the word variety: loop three times, twist twice, pull three times, which are frequently used and repeated with few alternatives. As for the imperatives and questions, many examples can be found in text2 as well. The speaker C keeps asking questions like That one?, Twist it? and so on, while speaker R answers with many operatives, for instance, line2, Then make it smaller in line6, Do a loop in line11, And then put your fingers out in line14. The eleventh one indicates that the discourse markers, response forms, and greetings are used in spoken English. As Cornbleet and Carter (2001) say discourse markers mark the beginning of a turn and the end of it (p.65). From text1, we can find that the speaker begins his monologue by a discourse marker So. A response form Yeah, thats it in line6 can be found. Subordinates, modals, adverbs are frequently used in spoken English. This characteristic is echoed by the examples from text. In line1 text1, who is in the clause as a subordinator. A lot of adverbs can be found in text2 as well. And then occurs all together seven times. Others include there in line4, just in line2. Hesitation, pauses, fillers and repeats are also common in spoken English. Pauses seem to be frequent in text2. In line2, there are two pauses. And others appear in line4, line6, line7, and line11. In line6 text2, Then make it smaller by pulling the stringby putting your fingers like that seems contain a hesitation between by pulling the string and by putting your fingers. From Cornbleet and Carters view, spoken English has a common feature that is deixis, which is used to orient the conversation and the listener (2001). The speaker C from the txet2 is trying to make sure his operation is right before move on through like that in line5 and line13 while this phrase would make a different sense outside this context. In text1, there is deixis as well. That ether appears in line7 and line9 specifying the unique item to the speaker. What is more, Cornbleet and Carter say that back-channelling signs in conversation indicate speakers attention. In the text2, Speaker C asks short questions in line5, line7 and line10 to ask for speaker Rs clarification and explanation. In spoken English, incomplete clauses and simple clauses are frequently used. Simple clauses such as I always remember in text1 and so its like crossed in text2 are commonly seen. Meanwhile, an incomplete clause so its can be found in line2 of text2. Task 4 Grammar The analysis is problematic in the eighth sentence which can be divided differently by two means. The difference lies in how to deal with the preposition phrase at the next full moon. It can be divided into the previous clause, or be divided as a separate adverbial. The meanings are subtle: for the former, we might start waiting and looking forward from now; but for the latter, it means that we may just start waiting for something to happen at that certain time, the next full moon. In a traditional EFL grammar, verbs are examined and discussed a lot. Swan (1995 p. 606) claims that different verbs can be followed by different kinds of word and structure. Some structures can be found in those given sentences. For example, some verbs can be followed by other verb structures. Jack seems to have been killed in sentence 5 embodies that structure: the first verb seem does not show the subject Jack does, while the following verb infinitive gives the real information. About the passive voice, sentence 2, 3 and 5 can be used as examples. Moreover, the first sentence is a good example of showing the relation of apposition which is common between two noun phrases in which David Kessler and Jack Goodman is the appositive. And within sentence 7, a relative clause that attacked them is embedded in the first simple sentence of this compound sentence. According to Hopper, there is a tendency of verbal dispersal in discourse grammar. One of the expanded verb expressions in English formulation is like this: one of a small set of common verbs with a noun denoting an action (1997 p. 97). Makes a terrifying visit in sentence 6 can fit this, containing a common verb make with a noun visit illustrating the action. There is also a preference for extended verbal expression (Hopper, 1997). For example, are backpacking around in sentence1 and seems to have been killed in sentence 5, may fall prey to in sentence 7. In those eight sentences few have solitary verbs, except sentence4 containing a single verb sees following the inanimate subject morning seemingly de-personalized. Jackson values the notion pattern which is important to our conception of grammar and especially when we consider the syntactic cooperation of individual words (Jackson, 2003 p. 156). According to Hunston and Francis, a pattern is description of the behavior of a lexical item, or one of the behaviours of that item, as evidenced in a record of large amounts of language use ( Jackson, 2003 p. 156, reprinted from Pattern Grammar: A corpus-Driven Approach to the Lexical Grammar of English (2000) ). There are two aspects which pattern grammar explores: each different syntactic structure of a word is associated with a different meaning; and words with similar syntactic structures tend to have related meanings. With regard to the first aspect, examples can be found in the given sentences. In sentence 2, the first welcoming appears in a preposition phrase followed by Yorkshire inn which is a place name; whereas the second one is followed by locals referring a group of people. Within different syntactic structure, their meanings differ: the first welcoming means not friendly to someone who is visiting or arriving, yet the second one means unattractive and discomfortable to be somewhere. Thus their slight difference can be seen. Similarly, another example, sees in sentence 4 is used after an inanimate subject of time morning and before an object modified by a preposition phrase which indicates a event; see in sentence 8 appears in a verb phrase after wait and before a nominal clause which indicates something in future. Their meaning difference also exits: the first sees means to be the time when something happens while the second see referring to figuring out something by waiting. Task 6 Lexis According to Lewis, a collocation is a predictable combination of words and he judges that some combinations may be very highly predictable from one of the component words (2000 p. 51). Moreover, as he mentions that all collocations are idiomatic and all phrasal verbs and idioms are collocations or contain collocations (2000 p. 51). Some examples from the given text can support his view to a large extent. In line 1, the collocation at the age of twelve is an example. People can easily tell which kind of words should be after of, because it is predictable as the existed rest parts, especially the noun age. Some place names as set combinations are highly predictable. For instance, Gold Gate Park in line 12 and Speckels Lake in line 11 and San Francisco in line 16 are predictable particularly to those local people who are familiar with the places. To most people, it is also easy to predict one of the collocation willow tree and park bench in line 19. Many other collocations are viewed so common that they hardly seem worth remarking upon (Lewis, 2000 p. 51). A lot of common collocations can be found in the given text, like look back in line 6, a pair of eyes in line16, look(ed) up in line 21, early-afternoon sun in line 12. These common collocations are abundant in peoples daily speaking and are regarded as natural combination or gathering. According to Lewiss suggestive way, collocations basically can be divided into several types, many of which can be seen in the text: adjctive+noun, like a frigid overcast day in line 1; noun+noun, for instance, willow tree in line 19; verb+adjective+noun, like remember the precise moment; verb+adverb, like look back in line 6; verb+preposition+noun, like propelled by a crisp breeze in line 13. With regard to metaphor, it is defined as understanding one conceptual domain in terms of another conceptual domain in the cognitive view (K?vecses, 2007 p. 4). The two domains are known as the source domain and the target domain. Knowles and Moon give us the definition which examines the language use of resemblance or make a connection between the literary meaning and its figurative meaning (2006 p. 3). As an excerpt from a literature work, this text contains several metaphors. For instance, Because the past claws its way out. in line 6 falls into the category of metaphor. The writer compares his past to an animal, endowing his past experience and memory some characteristics of living creature so that them can claw its way out which they originally cannot. In line 14, red with long blue tails, soaring in the sky is also a metaphor. The writer compares the kites to certain animals perhaps birds so that it has tails and can soar. The next long sentence is full of metaphors. In They danced, he compares the kites to human beings enabling them to dance which is traditionally used for human. Floating side by side like a pair of eyes looking down on San Francisco also contains metaphors. Here looking down indicates that the writer compares the kite to a living creature with eyes so that they would be able to looking down. From a holistic view, it is natural to conclude that the metaphors i n this excerpt tend to associate the kite(s) with the domain of living things. Sinclair illustrates the idiom principle as language user has available to him or her a large number of semi-preconstructed phrases that constitute single choices, even though they might appear to be analysable into segments (1991 p. 111). He also shows that it is complementary to the open-choice model for explaining how meaning arises from language. Many phrases allow internal lexical variation is one of the features of the idiom principle according to Sinclair (1991 p. 111). Examples from the given text can be found. glanced up in line13 and looked up in line21 seem to be close both in form and meaning with little space to choose between them. There is also little to choose between I became what I am today in line1 and the phrase made me what I am today in line23. Another feature of the idiom principle is many uses of words and phrases attract other words in strong collocation (Sinclair, 1991 p. 112); for instance, look back in line6, look down in line16, and look up in line 21 show that look has this feature. And repeated appearance of a pair of:a pair of kites in line14 together with a pair of eyes in line16, demonstrates this phrase also has this feature. What is more, according to Sinclair (1991 p.112) many uses of words and phrases show a tendency to occur in a certain semantic environment. For example, the phrase peek into is often associated with some secret scenes and in this text it does connected with this scene the alley near the frozen creek or the deserted alley where something miserable happens. Task 7 Register and genre It is generally believed that variation based on the use of language and variation based on the user of language are two main types of language variations (Gregory 1967, cited in Ghadessy 1994 p. 288). Register, to be exact, here stands for the variation based on the use of language (Ghadessy, 1994 p. 288). Halliday (1978, cited in Ghadessy 1994 p. 288) terms register with three variables known as field, mode and tenor: Types of linguistic situation differ from one another, broadly speaking, in three respects: first, as regards what actually is taking place; secondly, as regards what part the language is playing; and thirdly, as regards who is taking part. These three variables, taken together, determine the range within which meanings are selected and the forms which are used for their expression. In other words, they determine the register. Painter describes that the field can be seen as the cultural activity or subject matter with which the speaker/writers are concerned (2001 p. 173). The given text concerns introducing and crucially promoting selling a town house which is non-technical. This field to a great extent determines the used vocabulary and some grammatical features of the language. The text producer needs to persuade his potential customers to buy the house therefore a friendly and unbiased manner is popular and demanded. The inanimate subject sentences are used throughout the whole text, together with short phrases like marked by and Cricketers Green, Yeadon. In this way, the text producer seems to be objective in his persuasion; meanwhile language is concise and clear with those short phrases. Certainly, many house related words are used in this text, like vestibule, kitchen, garden and parking place. Tenor refers to the social relations between the interactions in any discourse (Painter, 2001 p.174), which determines the level of formality and the level of technicality of the language to a great extent. In terms of the tenor, the given text involves the advertisement producer/marketing person and his potential customers; they are in a relationship of persuading and to be persuaded. His language is not casual but formal. It can be seen from the imperative mood Phone the agent which seems commanding and cold. This is relatively formal because their social distance is not short: the advertisement producer who has already known most information about the house whereas readers have not. The marketing person needs to inform and persuade others who have not the same common share with him. Meanwhile, there are almost no technical words within the text which can cause barriers in readers understanding as most are common words. Mode is deemed as the medium of communication, in particular whether it is spoken or written, which will have far-reaching effects on the language used (Painter 2001 p. 175). Obviously, the mode of this given print text is written not spoken. The use of inanimate subjects in sentences, like The accommodation incorporates a number of attributes, is a feature of written language. According to Allison, genre which traditionally serves to indicate different kinds of literary and artistic works has been introduced and expanded to identify classes of language use and communication in all areas of life (1999 p. 144). Swales (1990) put forward some important features of examples of genres; some of them are worth mentioning here. For instance, the given text belongs to the category of advertisement in terms of specific name for genre. The purpose of the text can be identified as informing and prompting a sale of the house to potential customers. It is connected with certain discourse community, here referring to the community of people who are looking for a property. Bhatia (1998) advances seven moves within a structure used by writers for product promotion in business settings. Further, he develops a specific move structure in advertisements (2007). A series of the feature structure moves can be found within this text. Although it is short, the schematic structure of this text is clear and straightforward to readers. A striking headline which specifies the name, location and price of the house to be sold in bold tells makes people notice it is relevant with estate sales; a companied photo demonstrating the appearance of the house can be seen as a move of offering product, moreover, the eye-catching photo may also stimulate readers to read more or even consider to buy; the following part seems equivalent to soliciting response which lists the marketing person and the contact details including the agent phone number in strikingly bold which is necessary for getting potential customers response as well as for the advertisement producer to achieve h is final goal to sell the house; the last part, product details as well as the positive evaluation, which contains the detailed introduction of the house is for readers consideration thus can be regarded as essential detailing and indicating values of the offer in introducing the offer phase. References ALLISON, D. 1999. Genre, ELT Journal, vol. 53 no 2, pp 144. Bhatia, V. K. 1998. Analysing Genre: language use in professional setting, London New York: Longman Bhatia, V. K. 2007. Words of Written Discourse, London: Continuum. Cornbleet, S. R. Carter. 2001. The Language of Speech and Writing. London: Routledge. Ghadessy, M. 1994. Key concepts in ELT: Register, ELT Journal, vol. 48 no 3, pp 288-289. HOPPER, P. J. Discourse and the category verb in English. Language and Communication, vol.17 no 2, pp 93-102. Jackson, H. 2002. Grammar and Vocabulary: a resource book for students. London New York: Routledge. Knowles, M. R. Moon. 2006. Introducing Metaphor. London New York: Routledge. K?vecses, Z. 2002. Metaphor: a practical introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. LEECH, G. 2000. Grammar of Spoken English: New outcomes of Corpus-Oriented Research. Language Learning, vol.50 no 4, pp 675-724. Lewis, M. ed. 2000. Teaching Collocation: Further Development in the lexical approach, Hove : Thomson Heinle Language Teaching Publications. Painter, C. 2001. Understanding Genre and Register: Implications for Language Teaching in A. Burns and C. Coffin (Eds), Analysing English in a Global Context: a reader (167-179). London: Routledge. Sinclair, J. 1991. Corpus, Concordance, Collocation, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Swales, J. 1990. Genre Analysis: English in Academic and Research Settings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Swan, M. 1995. Practical English Usage. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Ethical Issues in Social Psychological Research

Running head: ETHICS IN RESEARCH Ethical Issues in Social Psychological Research Social psychological research has been conducted in response to many social concerns. Over the years the focus of research has changed greatly depending on the needs of society. However the main purpose has remained constant, which is to contribute to understanding individual thoughts, feelings, and behaviour in light of a broader social context. Social psychological research is done with both humans and animals. Therefore, researchers must adhere to certain codes of conduct in order to ensure that the participants are protected and not harmed in any way. The Canadian Psychological Association (CPA) (2000) has come up with four ethical principles that researchers ought to abide by in conducting research. The first principle which is â€Å"Respect for Dignity of Persons† is concerned with moral rights and should be given the highest weight out of all four principles (p. 2). The second principle which is â€Å"Responsible Caring† is concerned with competence and should be given the second highest weight (p. 2). The third principle which is â€Å"Integrity in Relationships†, this principle is concerned with honesty and should be given third highest weight (p. ). The fourth and last principle which is â€Å"Responsibility to Society† is concerned with the benefit to society; however, an individual should not suffer for the betterment of society (p. 2). Therefore, this principle should be given the lowest weight out of the four. The purpose of this paper is to raise awareness to the importance of adhering to the se ethical principles as a backbone to social psychological research. As well as not taking humans and societies for granted. In doing so, I will refer to two studies that have generated various ethical issues. The first study was conducted in 1963 by Stanley Milgram on destructive obedience. The second study was conducted in 1976 by Middlemist, Knowles, and Matter on the effects of invasions on personal space. In the beginning I will provide a summary of the ethical principles followed by a summary of the articles by Stanley Milgram, Diana Baumrind, Middlemist and authors, and Gerald P. Koocher. Finally, I will provide a critical analysis of the articles, explore the ethical concerns, and provide evidence on how the two studies entioned above have violated the ethical principles as stated by the Canadian Psychological Association (2000). I will also include a discussion of what could have been done in order to minimize the cost to participants in both studies. However, before proceeding I would like to note that the two studies were conducted in the 1960s and 1970s and for this reason the principles stated in the CPA may not have been available to the researchers then. Summary of Ethical P rinciples: Principle I: Respect for Dignity of Person Throughout their work, psychologists come into contact with many different individuals and groups. As part of their work psychologists accept the responsibility of respecting the dignity of all the persons whom they come into contact with. This means that they believe that each person should be treated â€Å"primarily as a person or an end in him/herself, not as an object or a means to an end† (p. 8). Specifically, psychologists show utmost duty to those persons in vulnerable positions. In addition, they hold moral rights to a high level of importance and acknowledge the differences in cultures and groups. Psychologists acknowledge persons rights to privacy, personal liberty, natural justice and self-determination. In practice psychologist apply procedures that promote these rights, such as obtaining informed consent, protecting confidentiality, and exercising fair treatment. Psychologists also bear in mind the differences in power which certain individuals posses within families and communities. Therefore, psychologists are responsible for seeking ethical advice in protecting the persons involved. In addition, psychologists are responsible for ensuring that all persons have the right to benefit from the contributions of psychology without discrimination. Moreover, psychologists have a greater responsibility to caring for members of society than do members of society have among themselves. Last but not least, psychologists have the responsibility of protecting their own moral rights. Principle II: Responsible Caring Psychologists are concerned for the benefitting and not harming those involved under their care. In addition, psychologists are required to pay special attention to the well fare of those who are most vulnerable or directly involved under their care. Obtaining informed consent is one way of guarantying that a persons well fare is protected. Psychologists are required to assess the potential harm and benefit and to continue only if the benefits prevail over the harm. In this case it is the psychologist’s responsibility to take all measures to decrease the harm and increase the benefits, as well as take all measures to correct any harmful effects. This requires that psychologists acknowledge the need for competence and self-knowledge. Therefore, psychologists only perform procedures that they are competent with and have or obtain sufficient knowledge. In addition psychologists engage in self-reflection so that they can differentiate between their own values and those persons involved under their care. Furthermore, psychologists assess harm in terms of both psychological and physical â€Å"dimensions† (p. 15). Therefore, psychologists are apprehensive about factors such as: â€Å"social, family, and community relationships; personal and cultural identity; feeling of self-worth, fear, humiliation, interpersonal trust, and cynicism; self-knowledge and general knowledge; and, such factors as physical safety comfort, pain, and injury† (p. 15). Therefore, psychologists are not only concerned with short term effects, but also long term effects. Similar to principle I, psychologists are responsible for recognizing the power differences within individuals of society and addressing them by protecting the well-being of persons involved. In addition, psychologists are responsible for caring for animals in a humane manner and avoiding unnecessary procedures, which may cause the animals â€Å"discomfort, pain, or disruption† (p. 16). Psychologists recognize that they have a greater responsibility toward members of society than members have amongst themselves. Lastly, psychologists have the right to protect their own well-being. Principle III: Integrity in Relationships Psychologists have the responsibility of meeting expectations such as: â€Å"accuracy and honesty; straightforwardness and openness, the maximization of objectivity and minimization of bias; and, avoidance of conflicts of interest† (p. 22), and also to reciprocate and encourage these expectations. Self-knowledge and critical analyses aids psychologists in meeting these expectations. Psychologists have their own values and therefore, they may bias in the questions they ask. Therefore, it is crucial or psychologists to understand how their own values may conflict with the values under study, and address them honestly and objectively. It is also the responsibility of psychologists to assess the use openness and straightforwardness, and to be sensitive to the cultural differences on the matter. In addition, their decision of not to be fully open must be endorsed â€Å"h igher-order† values and maintains informed consent procedures (p. 22). In the case where participants are misled by the experimenter for supposed benefits, it is the psychologist’s responsibility to consider the consequences and correct any resulting mistrust. In addition, if a conflict of interest arises, it is the psychologist responsibility to avoid and seek advice if encountered with it. Lastly, psychologists are required to uphold competence in areas in which they proclaim competence, regardless of their current practice, as well as abiding by the guidelines appointed by their discipline. Principle IV: Responsibility to Society Psychologists have responsibility towards members of their society. Psychologists have the freedom to enquire however in doing so they must abide by the ethical principles. In addition, psychologists must conduct research that has beneficial purposes, such as supporting the four ethical principles mentioned above. However, in case of research that is conducted in contrary, it is the psychologists responsibility to highlight and correct. In addition, psychologists are required to recognise that social structures took time to develop and therefore they must seek consensus before disrupting any of those social structures which took years in their formation. However, if structures or policies go against the four ethical principles it is the psychologist’s responsibility to address the issue and call for change. In addition, psychologists need to be flexible an accepting of criticisms in order to increase psychological knowledge. Nonetheless, psychologists need to decide the most beneficial way for using their talents as well as time. Summary of Articles: Article by Stanley Milgram In his article â€Å"Behavioural study of Obedience†, Stanley Milgram (1963) explores destructive obedience in the laboratory. He begins by mentioning that obedience is powerful and can lead to acts of â€Å"kindness† as well as â€Å"destruction† (p. 371). Milgram moves on to the experiment he devised in order to measure obedience. Milgram explains that a naive participant was instructed to administer electrical shocks to a learner. These shocks range in severity with the highest shock labelled as â€Å"Danger: Severe Shock† (p. 372). The participants were told that they were participating in an experiment that measured the effect of punishment on memory and learning. Milgram measured obedience by the maximum shock a participant was willing to administer before refusing to continue. Forty men aged between 20 and 50 participated. They were recruited from a news paper. They differed in their occupations and were paid $4. 50. However, they were told that the money belonged to them as long as they attended regardless of what happens after they arrive. The experiment was conducted in a way that the participant was always the teacher and the learner was always an accomplice of the experimenter. Each naive participant was given a sample shock at 45 volts to verify the authenticity of the generator. The participants were instructed to give a shock every time the learner gave are incorrect response and to go up a level. The participant was also instructed to announce the new voltage level. On the other side, the victim did not protest up until 300 volts was administered, at this point the victim pounds on the wall of the room. This can be heard by the participant. From this point onwards, the victims answers no longer appear. Therefore, the participants turn to the experimenter for guidance. The experimenter instructs them to consider no response as a wrong answer and to increase the voltage. The victims pounding is heard up until 315 volts and after that nothing is heard and no answers appear. If the participant indicated that he did not want to continue the experimenter used some statements to ensure that the participant would continue. Milgram measured obedience by the maximum shock that a participant was willing to administer before refusing to continue. A participant that administered all shocks was termed as an â€Å"obedient subject† (p. 374). Some pictures and unusual behaviour was recorded. In addition, the participants were interviewed after the experiment in order to ensure that they left in a state of well being. Moreover, 14 Yale students predicted that only a small number of participants would continue to the end. Milgram found that 26 out of 40 participants administered shocks till the end, and all 40 participants obeyed until 300 volts. However, many subjects showed signs of extreme tension and nervousness something which is â€Å"rarely seen in sociopsychological laboratory studies† (p. 375). Milgram concludes that the experiment resulted in two unexpected findings. First, he refers to the power of obedience. Milgram states that even though the experimenter had not authority and no punishment or material loss would ensue 26 participants complied all the way. Second, Milgram refers to the unexpected tension that participants experienced. Milgram finishes his article with providing reasons that might have influenced the participant’s obedience. Article by Diana Baumrind In her article â€Å"Some Thoughts on Ethics of Research: After Reading Milgram’s Behavioral Study of Obedience†, Diana Baumrind (1964) argues that Milgram did not consider the after effects of his experiment on his participants and did not take the appropriate measures to minimize if not eliminate the possible harm done. She begins her article by giving overviews of the reasons that people participate in experiments, as well as what they hope to gain from the experience. Baumrind also suggests that in a laboratory setting participants are more likely to behave in an obedient manner because of the anxiety they experience just by being in the laboratory. Therefore, she states that obedience should not be measured in such a setting. In addition, Baumrind refers to responsibility that the experimenter has in ensuring that the participants leave in a good state, and that they feel that the experimenter is genuinely concerned for their wellbeing and has the â€Å"professional skill† to convey that (p. 422). Baumrind indicates that this is not always the case and that many participants are ill treated. This leads her to bring Milgrams experiment on destructive obedience into question. She first includes the abstract from his study and then states that Milgram describes the emotional disturbance experienced by his participants objectively. Even though Milgram indicates that the efforts were made to reduce the tension experienced by the participants, Baumrind questions the procedures that could possibly eliminate the emotional disturbance. She also states Milgram’s claim that the participant’s tension was eliminated before they left the laboratory is â€Å"unconvincing† (p. 422). Baumrind then questions the reason given for such â€Å"indifference† (p. 422). She states that according to Milgram the victims’ suffering is presumed to be temporary while the scientific benefits are long-lasting. Baumrind adds that no matter how well an experiment is carried out and how much it adds to the scientific knowledge; there is no excuse for any harm done to its participants. Baumrind then speaks about the consequences of telling the participants the true nature of the experiment. She states that the participants may feel responsible as well as fooled. According to Baumrind this may result in a â€Å"loss of self-esteem† (p, 423). Baumrind then argues that there is no comparison between what happens in real life and Milgram’s laboratory experiment. She gives the example of Hitler’s Germany. Baumrind states that the difference between the two is that in Hitler’s Germany the victims were considered to be deserving of death, and the ones who are carrying out the orders think that they are doing the right thing. On the other hand, in Milgram’s experiment, the participants showed great concern for the victims but they also trusted the experimenter. Baumrind concludes that â€Å"from the subject’s point of view procedures which involve loss of dignity, self-esteem, and trust in rational authority are probably most harmful in the long run and require the most thoughtfully planned reparations, if engaged in at all† (p. 423). She expects that Milgram’s participants should have been informed of the dangers of the aftermath and that the techniques used in restoring their well being are proven to be effective. Article by Stanley Milgram In his article â€Å"Issues in the Study of Obedience: A Reply to Baumrind†, Stanley Milgram (1964) responds to Diana Baumrind’s article. Milgram begins by summarizing his experiment and then focuses on replying to Diana Baumrinds concerns. He first states that his initial article â€Å"Behavioral Study of Obedience† did not contain all the information and that Baumrind could have easily accessed this information through the footnotes and references (p. 848). Milgram states that Baumrind confuses between the procedure of the experiment and the unexpected results. He states that Baumrind speaks about the stress experienced by the participants as if it were intended. However, he argues that it was actually unexpected and that none of the colleagues predicted such behaviour when discussing the procedures of the experiment. In addition, Milgram argues that in contrary to what actually happened in the experiment, there was reason from him to believe that the participants would not obey the experimenter’s instruction once the victim protested. Milgram then acknowledges that he could have ended the experiment after a few subjects had demonstrated the capability to go all the way and had demonstrated signs of stress, but he argues that temporary excitement is different to harm. Therefore, he decided to continue the investigation since there did not seem to be â€Å"injurious effects† in the participants (p. 849). Milgram then moves on to discuss what measures were taken to ensure that participants left in a state of well-being. He explains that depending on each of the participant’s condition, each one was given an explanation to support their behaviour, in addition to a brief reconciliation with the victim and a discussion with the experimenter. In addition, Milgram states that each participant received a report on the procedures and results of the experiment. Moreover, participants received a questionnaire to assess their attitudes toward the experiment. Milgram reports that the majority of participants felt positively about the experiment. Milgram states that he does not believe that any of the participants were at risk of danger and if he had any reason to believe so he would have terminated the experiment. In response to Baumrind’s statement that once the participants had taken part in the experiment there is no way for them to justify their actions and therefore must take full blame. Milgram states that this is not the case, and that most of them end up justifying their actions by saying that they were just obeying the authority. In addition, he states that Baumrind concludes that the participants did not benefit from their participation, which he believes is not true. Milgram includes accounts from some of the participants which indicate that they have benefitted. He also refers to the report that he sent to his participants which was designed to â€Å"enhance the value of his [the participants] experience† (p. 850). Milgram indicates that this report indicates that he is not indifferent toward the value participants derived from the experiment as Baumrind had stated. In addition, he states that Baumrind not only discusses the treatment of participants but also the issues of conducting a study of obedience in a laboratory. Milgram states the Baumrind does not believe that obedience can be measured in the laboratory since it is a place which obedience is normally expected. Milgram replies by stating that this is the reason why a laboratory is a suitable place for conducting the experiment since it resembles social institutions, such as the Military, where obedience is also expected. With regards to the example given by Baumrind on Nazi Germany, Milgram states that the two incidents are actually very different and indicates three points. First, he argues that Baumrind â€Å"mistakes the background metaphor for the precise subject matter of investigation† (p. 851). Second, he states the laboratory is a rational place to measure a mans behaviour in response to orders given by a legitimate authority. Third, due to manipulation individuals do not hold themselves responsible for acts done against another individual. Milgram also argues that Baumrind states that it is not suitable to test obedience in a laboratory because of the nature of the set, but ignores the fact the some participants did disobey. In addition, Milgram states that according to Baumrind participants may walk away never being able to trust authority; however, he believes that this is not a just generalization on her behalf and concludes that the experiment on obedience is â€Å"potentially valuable experience insofar as it makes people aware of the problem of indiscriminate submission to authority† (p, 851). Article by Middlemist, Knowles and Matter: In their article, â€Å"Personal Space Invasions in the Lavatory: Suggestive Evidence for Arousal†, R. Dennis Middlemist, Eric S. Knowles, and Charles F. Matter (1976) , investigate the effect of invading personal space on arousal. Middlemist and his colleagues hypothesise that â€Å"if personal space invasions produce arousal, then subjects standing closest to others at lavatory urinals would show increases in the delay of onset of micturation and decrease in the persistence of micturation† (542). Therefore, the authors conduct a pilot study, in which they found a correlation between â€Å"interpersonal distance† and â€Å"micturation times† (p. 542). The authors measured micturation times by using a wristwatch. The observer took note of the urinal a potential subject selected. In addition, the observer recorded the time between when the person unzipped his fly and when the micturation actually started. The observer also recorded the time between the beginning and end of micturation. The observer relied on auditory cues to signal the beginning and end of micturation. However, according to the authors the field observation lacked control because of the participants self selection of the urinals. Since micturation times showed a correlation with personal space, the authors decided that micturation times would be used as a dependent measure in an experiment. Therefore, the authors decide to conduct an experiment, in which the independent variable was the interpersonal space the participant had and the dependent variable was the micturation times. The authors controlled the urinal selected by using signs which indicated that the urinal was not functioning in addition to positioning the confederate prior to the participant’s entrance. Therefore the participant would have no choice but to use a urinal specified by the experimenters. In order to record micturation times, the authors realised that due to the silence in urinals auditory cues could not be used and substituted it with visual cues. The authors used a periscope which would give the observer a view of the participants lower torso, but not the face. This allowed the observer to see the beginning and end of micturation. The observer stationed in a toilet stall directly next to the participants urinal had two stop watches. The first recorded the delay of micturation and the second recorded the persistence of micturation. As predicted, the results show that the decreases in interpersonal space led to increases in the onset of micturation and decreases in the persistence of micturation. This supports the hypothesis that â€Å"close interpersonal space distances are interpersonally stressful, increasing arousal and discomfort, and that it is this arousal that produces behavioural responses to invasions† (p. 545). Article by Koocher In his article, â€Å"Bathroom Behavior and Human Dignity†, Gerald P. Koocher (1977) responds to the study conducted by Middlemist, Knowles, and Matter. He raises some ethical issues that he expected experimenters as well as editors to acknowledge. He begins his article by explaining the experiment and the findings. He then moves to questioning the state of human dignity with regards to psychological research. Even though, he acknowledges the importance of freedom in scientific inquiry and publishing, he questions the conduct and judgement of experimenters along with editors. Koocher then moves on to some of the ethical issues that are raised in this experiment. Koocher states that according to APA guidelines an investigator will perform an experiment in private setting only when he/she has sought advice as well as considered the consequences of the experiment. According to this guideline, he states that the investigator should asses the cost and benefits to the individual and society. Koocher criticizes the experimenters (Middlemist, Knowles, and Matter) for their lack of including any justification of cost/benefit or how the significance of their study validates their need to invade the participants’ privacy. Koocher argues that the experimenters do not even consider the discomfort subjects may feel due to the close proximity of a confederate, nor do they offer explanation for why subjects discomfort may be considered unimportant. Koocher discusses that even if we assume that the experimenters did indeed assess cost/benefit, why is it that they have not included it in their article. Koocher then moves on to criticize the editors for accepting this article. He discusses how some people believe that it is essential to include informed consent in the methods section of any study conducted with human participants’. Koocher speculates about how experimenters whose articles have been rejected would feel to find that this article has been accepted while theirs have been rejected. He concludes by stating â€Å"by placing this article in such high-visibility position, we may certainly anticipate a veritable flood of bathroom research, to be followed by books of readings, and ultimately, by a review article† (Koocher, 1977, p. 121) Article by Middlemist, Knowles and Matter In their article â€Å"What to Do and What to Report: A Reply to Koocher†, Middlemist, Knowles, and Matter reply to Koocher’s article. They begin their article by summarizing Koocher’s article. The authors reply by stating their interpretation of the ethical principles as stated in APA concerning human participants’. The authors argue that from their understanding, the investigators need to pay attention to â€Å"considering, designing, and executing research† (p. 122). However, they point out that there is no mention of the need to report this information to the â€Å"scientific community† (p. 122). In addition, the authors refer to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association’s basic rule on reporting research. This rule indicates that the investigators need to include only the information that is needed in order for others to understand and be able to replicate the study. The authors believe that it is the Publication Manual that led them to stress the â€Å"procedures of their study† as oppose to the â€Å"ethical considerations† (p. 122). The authors then move on to reply to Koocher’s request for an assessment of the â€Å"cost/benefit ratio† (122). The authors provide the details of their pilot study. First, they mention that it is a field observation which occurred in a public bathroom, and that nothing out of the ordinary occurred except that somebody was recording the time of micturation for the participants. Following that, half the participants were interviewed in order to assess the affect of recording micturation. The participants did not seem to have much of a problem upon learning that somebody was observing and recording their micturation times. In addition, the authors state that all of the participants accepted that their data be included in the study. Moreover, the participants mentioned that invasion of personal space in a public lavatory was not unusual and that it did not cause them any discomfort or pain. The authors indicate that the interviews led to believe a general low level of concern towards being watched by the experimenters. However, the authors indicate that the pilot study has its drawbacks. They indicate that the participants were free to select their own personal space. Therefore, in deciding on whether they should conduct an experiment, the authors noted two points. The first being that men observing other men while urinating is not regarded as unusual or stressful. Second, changing the distance between the participant and the other user were also not uncommon. The authors indicate that they did seek alternatives, but realised that the only way to collect reliable data was to observe the participant micturating using a periscope. In order to minimize the possible costs to the participants the authors took the following steps: First, only the authors served as observers. Second, the participants could not be identified by the observer. Third, the confederate was informed of the ethical concerns and was instructed not to disclose the identity of the participants, to signal the termination of a trial if he has any reason to believe that it should not be included. As well as, to be sensitive to participants being suspicious so that they can be informed of the study and debriefed. Fourth, the participants were not informed of the observation. The authors state that in assessing the cost/benefit ratio, they find that their experiment has relevance to theories of spatial behaviour and adds to the literature on micturation and urinary continence. The authors conclude that the ethical guidelines are unclear on the â€Å"decision rules† that researchers as well as editors must practise with regards to ethics. In addition to, what ethical discussion should be included in â€Å"reports of research† (p. 124). Discussion: According to McBurney and White (2007) researchers are faced with two conflicting values. On one hand, psychologists have an obligation to increase our knowledge of behaviour with the hope of benefiting society at large. On the other hand, psychologists are also obliged to asses the costs of research on participants. This conflict is not easily resolved since one rule does not fit all cases. Therefore, researchers are continuously faced with the dilemma of either conducting research or protecting participants. Researchers who do not carefully asses the costs to participants may be held negligent toward society. From another perspective, researchers who do not carry out research because of being extra cautious may be considered falling short in their obligation to the same society. Milgram has been criticized by Diana Baumrind for not assessing the costs of research to participants. In addition, she criticizes Milgram’s debriefing procedures. Baumrind states that Milgram’s claim that participant’s tension was eliminated before they left seems â€Å"unconvincing† (p. 422). I find her claim to be just on her part. According to Milgram the tension experienced by the participants was actually unexpected, therefore, how is it possible for Milgram to have assessed the necessary debriefing procedures. His debriefing procedures were suitable for the predictions that most people would not continue to the end. Milgram had the choice of terminating the experiment even if only temporarily after a few subjects had demonstrated unexpected behaviour. That would have allowed him more time and thought to consider the effects of his experiment. It would have also allowed him to discuss the unexpected behaviour with other colleagues and asses the cost/benefit ratio before proceeding. In addition, Milgram conducted interviews in which he asked participants how they felt about the experiment. He uses their responses to argue that his participants left with positive feelings about the study. However, he ignores the fact that the participant’s response does not necessarily reflect their true opinion, as some participants tend to espond in a way that they think is expected of them or more socially desirable. For example, a participant that was obedient during the experiment may want to show the experimenter that he actually really appreciated the study by agreeing with the statement â€Å"I am very glad to have been in the experiment† (Milgram, 1964, p. 849). Evaluation apprehension which is the â€Å"tendency of the experi mental participants to alter their behaviour to appear as socially desirable as possible† could possibly have biased the participant’s responses (McBurney & White, 2007, p. 77). Milgram states that if he had any reason to believe that the participants were in danger he would have terminated the experiment. However, Baumrind emphasizes the emotional disturbance that participants may have suffered. Especially, because emotional harm is more difficult to asses in advance and that even though some people may benefit from the experience of participating in the experiment , others may suffer from â€Å"long-term loss of self-esteem† (Alcock, Carment & Sadava, 2005, p. 33). However, Milgram does make a point when he replies to Baumrind’s concern about conducting the experiment in the laboratory. According to Baumrind, obedience is expected in the laboratory and therefore, the laboratory is not an appropriate setting to measure obedience. On the other hand, Milgram’s study is a significant example of destructive obedience. It reflects how people behave in accordance to authority, even if it goes against their own values. The second study by Middlemist and authors has also been criticized for its ethical conduct. Koocher considers the study to have invaded the participant’s privacy. Middlemist and authors state that men watching men in urinals in not something unusual. In addition, the interviews they conducted after the pilot study indicated that the men did not have much of a problem with it. However, Middlemist and authors ignore the fact that once people have participated in something and then confronted there is a likelihood that they will want to remain cooperative. Nonetheless, the experiment they conducted is actually different to the pilot study. Namely, in the pilot study they resorted to auditory cues, on the other hand, in the experiment they used visual cues. These two methods are not similar and participants would not find them to be equal because of the manipulation involved which was not present in the pilot study. Why is it that Middlemist and authors decided not to inform the participants, like they did in the pilot study? Since men watching men is not unusual, informing them that somebody in the next stall was watching them should not have been a problem from their perspective. However, Middlemist and authors do make a point when they state that their interpretation of the Publication Manual led them to believe that they did not need to include the cost/benefit discussion. It is also possible to assume that the editors had a similar interpretation of the Publication Manual. In accordance with the ethical principles as stated by the CPA , both studies violated ethics in research. For example, Milgram does not obtain informed consent. That is Milgram, does not inform the participants of the consequences of their participation such as disturbance, anxiety, stress, and tension. This is necessary as it allows the participant the choice to partake in the experiment or not. In addition Milgram does not demonstrate responsible caring. Responsible caring is primarily concerned with the well-being of the participants and Milgram did not demonstrate that he took all the precautions to ensure that the participants would not suffer any harm. His participants experienced high levels of anxiety and tension. As explained by Milgram (1963), the levels of tension were not usually seen in sociopsychological laboratory studies. For example, Milgram explained that the participants were observed to â€Å"sweat, tremble, stutter, bite their lips, groan, and dig their fingernails into their flesh† (p. 375). In addition, Milgram could not justify through his arguments that the benefits are greater than the harm done to its participants. Milgram, also had the opportunity to terminate the investigation but he decided to continue. According to the CPA (2000), researchers are advised to â€Å"terminate an activity when it is clear that the activity carries more than minimal risk of harm and is found to be more harmful than beneficial† (p. 19). Middlemist and authors, also fail to obtain informed consent. In fact, in their experiment, they had invaded the privacy of participants, and had not even given the participants the option of accepting or refusing their data to be included in the study. Even more, participants did not even know that they were participants in a experiment. In addition, Middlemist and authors do not respect the right of research participants to safeguard their own dignity. Participants had no choice but to be participants in a study which they might not have accepted to partake in. In addition, in the study the participants were manipulated and observed in a way, which in reality does not treat the participants as humans. They were more like puppets to the experimenters. In both studies, the experimenters could have taken some measures that would have minimized the harm done to participants. For example, Milgram could have obtained informed consent. For example, he could have stated that electrical shocks will be administered in a memory learning task. Participants can be told that even though the shocks are very painful, tissue damage will not occur. In addition, participants can be informed that they may experience high levels of tension and that if this occurs the experimenter will follow up as soon as possible. This will inform the participants more about what they are participating in, as well as give them the opportunity to drop out. Moreover, Milgram could have conducted a pilot study. He could have measured obedience in terms of the participants willingness to administer shocks. The pilot study would have allowed Milgram to observe that contrary to predictions, it is possible that many participants would obey. Furthermore, Milgram would have been able to consider the effects obedience would have on the participants and would be more prepared in alleviating those effects. Middlemist and authors could have conducted interviews before conducting the experiment to assess the general opinion on this matter. In addition, they could have obtained informed consent. Also, they could have made use of other technologies, such as attaching sensitive recording devices instead of using visual cues. Moreover, Middlemist and authors could have given the participants the option of including their data. In conclusion, researchers have the responsibility of ensuring that all persons involved are not harmed in any way. They have a duty to take the necessary precautions and adhere to the principles of their discipline. In case of doubt, researchers should consult advice from persons who are competent to provide advice. References Alcock, J. E. , Carment, D. W. , Sadava, S. W. (2005). A textbook of social psychology (6th ed. ). Toronto: Pearson Prentice Hall. Baumrind, D. (1964). Some thoughts on ethics of research: After reading Milgram’s â€Å"Behavioural study of obedience. † American Psychologist, 19, 421-423. Canadian Psychological Association. (2000). Canadian code of ethics for psychologists (3rd ed. ). Ottawa Koocher, G. P. (1977). Bathroom behavior and human dignity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 120-121. McBurney, D. H. & White, T. L. (2007). Research methods (7th ed. ). California (CA): Thomson Wadsworth. Middlemist, R. D. , Knowles, E. S, & Matter, C. P. (1976). Personal space invasions in the lavatory: Suggestive evidence for arousal. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 541-546. Middlemist, R. D. , Knowles, E. S, & Matter, C. P. (1977). What to do and what to report: A reply to Koocher. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 122-124. Milgram, S. (1963). Behavioral study of obedience. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67, 371-378.