Saturday, November 30, 2019

Racism Hurts Everyone Essays - Racism, Discrimination, Behavior

Racism Hurts Everyone ...Everybody jumped on him, beat the hell out of him... Everybody was hitting him or kicking him. One guy was kicking at his spine. Another guy hitting on the side of the face... He was unconscious. He was bleeding. Everybody had blood on their forearms. We ran back up the hill laughing... He should have died... He lost so much blood he turned white. He got what he deserved (Ridgeway 167.) The skinheads who performed this random act of racial violence in 1990, had no reason to brutally beat their victim other than the fact that he was Mexican. Racism is objectively defined as any practice of ethnic discrimination or segregation. Prejudice is an adverse judgment or opinion formed beforehand or without knowledge or examination of the facts. There are three basic forms of racism, open racism, violent racism, and covert racism. These basic forms of racism, although different in form, all have the same purpose, to promote racism. Open racism expresses freedom of racial thought and speech. Open racists promote their views strictly through persuasionary tactics. This form of racism is allowed in our society due to the First Amendment. Open racism is currently almost nonexistent and steadily declining, because it is considered politically incorrect and socially unacceptable. Violent racism promotes racism through violence, fear, and persuasionary tactics. This form of racism is not protected by the First Amendment because it promotes violence to express its ideas. Unfortunately many violent racial groups claim they do not promote violence, and therefore these groups are protected by the First Amendment because not enough sufficient evidence exists to prove their violent intent Covert racism expresses ideas of racism in disguised forms; sometimes the covert racist is not even aware of the fact that he is racist. Racism, it is asserted, is no longer blatant: people are reluctant to express openly their dislike of and contempt for minorities. Racism, it is said, is subtle: it is disguised, kept out of sight. Avoiding minorities on the street and denial of a public benefit to a minority which would be awarded to a white are examples of covert racism. Since it is no longer politically correct to openly express one's racist views, people therefore favor disguised, indirect ways to express their bigotry . Covert racism is the most abundant form of racism in our society today. In the past, our society has seen many forms of major racial discrimination. One such topic that affected North America was the use of blacks as slaves. During the eighteenth and nineteenth century and into the early stages of the twentieth century, black people were thought of as inferior to the whites. Since no laws were passed at the time, plantation owners used many blacks as slaves. Before slavery was abolished, it hurt and killed an immense number of people. During World War II (1939-1945), Adolf Hitler persecuted Jewish people by taking them to concentration camps. At these camps they would be gassed to death after doing hard work for the Germans. Another major event in history was the killing of many Soviets during Stalin's Great Purge. During this period, any Soviet citizen who was heard questioning or opposing Stalin's ideas for the country was quickly annihilated with the use of Stalin's Secret Service. Again, millions were killed because of one person's beliefs. What causes racial prejudice? Our textbook gives these four reasons: 1. Influence of tradition 2. Psychological need of individuals to belong to a particular, identifiable group. 3. Building up ego by cultivating a feeling of superiority. 4. Usefulness of prejudice as an economic and political weapon. Practically since the dawn of man's existence man has undoubtedly noticed differences between races. Racism's presence throughout the formation of our culture is quite evident. Frequently throughout history the ethnic group with the most power has assumed that its race and culture are superior to others. The same incident occurred in America with the introduction of slavery. Throughout American history, racism has been strongly prevalent. Racism's roots lie deep within the foundation of our society. These roots undoubtedly are the source for a great many of the racist groups and covert racism ideas found throughout our society. Extremist social and political groups, particularly those advocating right-wing policies

Tuesday, November 26, 2019

Leadership and Management Essay Example

Leadership and Management Essay Example Leadership and Management Essay Leadership and Management Essay This assignment provides you with the understanding and skills required of a manager/leader in an organisational context, through applying current theories.Learning outcomes On successful completion of this assignment you will: 1 Understand the link between management and leadership 2 Understand the skills and styles of management and leadership 3 Be able to apply theory in an organisational context 4 Be able to plan for the development of leadership and management skills Assignment Focusing on a work role, previous work experience or a voluntary work position, using examples from your own workplace experiences where possible, and drawing on your studies of this subject, please answer ALL four sections below and please complete the reflective statement.Deadline for Submission: Please see your time table Please answer ALL four sections: Section 1 Word Length: Approx. 375 words Demonstrate your understanding of the link between management and leadership You will need to: ? ? explain the relationship between management and leadership analyse how management and leadership style impacts on the achievement of organisational objectives Section 2 Word Length: Approx. 375 words Explain the skills and styles of management and leadership You will need to: ? ? ? xplain the personal and professional skills required for effective management compare the skills and styles of successful leaders assess the expected impact of own leadership styles on work groups Brighton School of Business and Management Limited Brighton School of Business and Management Limited Section 3 Word Length: Approx. 375 words Demonstrate how you would apply theory in an organisational context You will need to: ? ? select appropriate theories of management and leadership to identify management and leadership requirements in given situations report on the usefulness of using theories or ga ining insights into leadership requirements in given situations Section 4 Word Length: Approx. 375 words Demonstrate how you would plan the development of leadership and management skills You will need to: ? ? ? use appropriate methods to assess the skills needed by a leader in a given situation plan the development of management and leadership skills for a given job role make justified evaluations of the management and leadership development methods selectedReflective Learning Statement Explain how the main themes of this unit have impacted (or could in the future) on your work role – you should include an analysis of your strengths and weaknesses relating to this unit both at the start and end of the unit. Word Length: 100 words Brighton School of Business and Management Limited Brighton School of Business and Management Limited Guidance on Grade AwardedThe final Unit grade assessment is based on how well you have met the Assignment Criteria / Task Requirements: we look pri marily for evidence that you have followed the Assignment instructions and have responded to the Assignment in a way that meets the specific outcomes / requirements / criteria as described in the Assignment Brief We also look at the depth and breadth of your work: where we look for evidence of supplementary reading and research, appropriate examples, some original thought, a professional standard of layout, structure, and overall presentation in order to come to a decision about the actual grade.Below is an overview of the guidelines that our Assessors work to: Pass All identified criteria in the assignment are met Merit Satisfied the identified Assignment criteria, plus the content confirms that the student has: Shown evidence of a sound understanding of the subject matter; Given a broad and detailed response to the assignment tasks and criteria; Shown evidence of careful analysis, synthesis, and evaluation of information and data; Used complex arguments/lines of hinking; Shown the ability to make judgements based on the research and the response discussion points; Described how appropriate techniques and-or tools should be selected and used; Applied an appropriate structure and layout to their response; Selected and used relevant graphics to illustrate key points; Presented all documents to a professional standard that would be accepted at middle management level. Brighton School of Business and Management Limited Brighton School of Business and Management LimitedDistinction Satisfied the identified Assignment criteria, plus the content confirms that the student has: Demonstrated a comprehensive knowledge base and understanding of the subject matter; Shown originality of thought and application of ideas, models and theories to their assignment response; Shown evidence of the student using critical reflection to evaluate their own work and justify valid conclusions; Shown an awareness of the wider implications of the issues being analysed and discussed; Appli ed a customised structure and layout that supports and enhances their response; Selected and used a wide range of relevant graphics to illustrate key points; Presented all documents to a standard that would be accepted at executive-board level. Brighton School of Business and Management Limited

Friday, November 22, 2019

Vrais Amis - French English True Cognates Letter P

Vrais Amis - French English True Cognates Letter P One of the great things about learning French or English is that many words have the same roots in the Romance languages and English. The 1,700 words on the following pages are spelled (although not pronounced) identically in French and English and are true or semi-true cognates. Before you start memorizing them, please read some important notes about these cognates.The (parentheses) indicate the words part of speech in both languages, and, in the case of nouns, the gender of the noun in French.palindrome  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)palpable  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)palpitation  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)panache  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)panda  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)panorama  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)pantomime  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)papa  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)paparazzi  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)paprika  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)papyrus  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)parachute  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)parade  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)paranormal  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)paraphras e  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)parasite  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)parasol  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)pardon  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)parent  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)parental  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)partial  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)participant  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective masculine noun)participation  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)partisan  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective masculine noun)partition  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)passable  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)passage  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)passion  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)pastel  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective masculine noun)pastoral  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)patience  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)patient  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective masculine noun)patio  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)patois  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective masculine noun)pause  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)payable  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)pectoral  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)pedigree  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)penchant  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)penny  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)pentagonal  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)perceptible  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adject ive)perception  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)percussion  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)perfection  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)perforation  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)performance  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)permanence  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)perspective  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)persuasion  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)pertinence  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)pertinent  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)perversion  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)pestilence  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)pH  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)phallus  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)phase  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)philodendron  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)phosphate  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)phosphorescent  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)photo  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)photon  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)phylum  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)physique  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)piano  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)picaresque  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)piccolo  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)pickpocket  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)pidgin  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)pigeon  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine no un)pigment  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)pigmentation  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)pipeline  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)piranha  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)pirate  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective masculine noun)pivot  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)pixel  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)pizza  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)pizzeria  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)placebo  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)placement  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)placenta  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)plantation  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)plaque  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)plasma  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)platitude  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)plausible  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)plumage  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)plural  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)plus  Ã‚  Ã‚  (conjunction)podium  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)poignant  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)police  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)polio  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)polka  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)pollen  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)pollution  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)population  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)pore  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine no un)port  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)portable  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective masculine noun)portion  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)portrait  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)pose  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)position  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)possession  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)possible  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective masculine noun)postal  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)postnatal  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)posture  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)potable  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)potassium  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)potion  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)prairie  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)prescription  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)prestige  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)primate  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)primordial  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)prince  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)principal  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective masculine noun)prison  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)probable  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)procession  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)proclamation  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)procuration  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)production  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)profession  Ã‚  Ã‚  (fe minine noun)profit  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)profitable  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)profusion  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)programme (UK)  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)progression  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)prohibition  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)projectile  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)projection  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)prologue  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)promenade  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)promotion  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)pronominal  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)propagation  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)propane  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)proportion  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)propulsion  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)prose  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)prospectus  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)prostate  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)prostitution  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)prostration  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)protection  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)protestation  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)proton  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)prototype  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)provenance  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)proverbial  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)pr ovidence  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)province  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)provincial  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)provision  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)provocation  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)prude  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)prudence  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)psoriasis  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)public  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective masculine noun)publication  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)punk  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective masculine / feminine noun)purge  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)purification  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Management Decision Making A System Approach Essay

Management Decision Making A System Approach - Essay Example Management decisions are gaining extraordinary and unprecedented importance in the present changed business situation. Governments and business houses have to think beyond the territories while making a decision. They can make an impact all over the world, and the prevailing world business trend could make immediate impact on them. Management theories have evolved and have been applied mainly to change management and control management1. System approach is another, perhaps highly effective way to apply on a company that is targeting a certain achievement2. 1. Alamarai is a flourishing company, but a system and every work in the company is done as clockwork, without any change at all in the daily routine. It has its hierarchies, branches, transport system, distribution system and works like a well-oiled machine, noiselessly. 2. It has its own performance criteria and system objectives. Its performance criteria is mainly running its huge farm, stocked with yielding cows, cooling and pasteurising this milk, make connected milk products and supply them to the decided outlets along with other food products. Alamarai had been one company who had been performing flawlessly, even though a cooling project in Saudi Arabia is not an easy matter. 3. Alamarai is ruled by its environments, political, social, cultural and religious. It is also ruled by the economic environment of the present day world. These signals, the company is unable to ignore any more. 4. It has its own humanistic and psychosocial subsystems, but till recently controlling the humanistic conditions as they are mainly from foreign countries and hence, were mainly biddable, it had found comfortable, compared to the present psychosocial subsystem, that had been brought into the company through Saudisation. 5. Alamarai's aim had been integrating these subsystems with the whole wider society. The psychosocial subsystems are not only originated from the prevailing society, but also have to be improved and bettered in the same society and Alamarai is trying to integrate them. It increases options, reduces errors during achievement and the achievement could be anything. It need not be only the highly market victory. It could be connected socially, politically and culturally to the company, for which company is either forced or willingly inspired to work for.4 System approach is one of the decision support systems, that had been in vogue for sometime and had been found unquestionably effective by many organisations and has amply proved its efficiency, mainly because it works along with its subsystems, and hence, more scope for checking, correcting, evolving and finalising5. a) Company overview: Almarai (Green Pastures), a very famous company of Saudi Arabia, a household name in diary products was established in 1976, under the direction of the Prince. It is based in Saudi capital Riyadh, with its operations spread not only in Saudi Arabia, but also through the Arabian Peninsula, covering almost all the Gulf countries. It is a pioneer in agricultural, diary processing and food distribution field. It is a well known entity with a

Tuesday, November 19, 2019

Case study analysis - Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Case study analysis - Report - Essay Example Consequently, the Doctors focused on the reduction of costs and shortening of stays of various patients in the hospitals, after surgery operations as shown in exhibit 1 in the appendix. However, they faced problems with increased cost pressures throughout healthcare industry increasingly affecting prestigious and expensive academic hospitals such as MGH. Additionally, care path did not dictate the medical treatment of patients. Consistent treatment procedures embodied significant philosophical shifts of physicians generated in making independent medical decisions based on cases. Therefore, the implementation of CABG for surgeries by the doctors incorporated several problems that affected costs on medicines, medical treatment, philosophical shifts, and decision-making processes that delayed processes of operations for coronary artery bypass graft. Bohmer, as the care path facilitator, believed in the success of care path through the corporation and accepted assistance of hospital staff to enable the development of pathways since it hastens the ongoing reduction of hospital bed count. Moreover, it leads to loss of jobs because of more efficient practices (Wheelwright and Weber 2). Torchiana, the team leaders, instrument the creation of care path and continued implementation. Moreover, emphasis on the need for controlling costs and care path merits develops from ideas that Torchiana put across at MGH, despite the problems that they face. Moreover, total quality management (TQM) implementation becomes difficult since the cost of implementing and developing CABG becomes difficult to allow for surgery operations. TQM presents a management approach in an organization that focuses on quality and participation of all members of the organization (Chartered Quality Institute 1). The approach applies to the entire organization. The care path developed at MGH did not introduce new treatment technologies. It attempted to

Saturday, November 16, 2019

T-tests For Independent And Related Samples Essay Example for Free

T-tests For Independent And Related Samples Essay Research Problem   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   With the increased violence that occurs in our society, it is a reality that most children on social welfare or those who have been placed in foster care have had negative experiences. Some children need to be counseled and psychologically helped in order to regain their sense of self and to help them cope with the difficulties that lie ahead of them. The most evident problems that these children have are in terms of their education and schooling. Despite the efforts of social welfare to help them get the education they need, most children drop out of high school. This study would like to determine the difference in the graduation rates of children in foster care who received counseling and those who did not receive counseling. Research Question   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Is there any difference in the graduation rates of children in foster care who had received counseling compared to those who did not? Hypothesis: Null hypothesis: There is no significant difference in the graduation rates of children in foster care whether they received counseling or not. Alternative hypothesis: There is a significant difference in the graduation rates of children in foster care when they received counseling compared to those who did not. Independent variable: Counseling sessions Dependent variable: Graduation rate (high school) Statistical Design: For this study, the appropriate statistical design is the related samples design (within groups) since the goal is to determine whether counseling sessions significantly increased or decreased the graduation rates of children in foster care which satisfies the assumption of the related sample t-test measures. Effect size: The effect size between the two means would indicate the degree or level of the difference between two groups, it could be high, moderate or low effect which would also indicate just how significant the difference between the two means are from each other. A probability value would not be able to clearly point out just how big the difference is. Table 1 t-test Result t df p.05 Graduation rate (with counseling vs without counseling) 2.69 73 .009 N = 30; ES = .60 Table 1 indicates that children in foster care who had received counseling were found to significantly have higher rates of graduation than those who have not received counseling. The t value (2.69) was found to be statistically significant (p.05), thus we reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis that children in foster care are more likely to graduate if they had received counseling. It was also found that the effect size for this result was .60 which is according to Cohen (1988) is of medium degree. This would mean that the difference in the graduation rates for the two groups may be statistically significant but the difference is actually not so big that other factors may actually come into play with why children who receive counseling have better graduation rates. Statistics N = 30 Mean 1 = 14.75; SD = 6.03 Mean 2 = 10.74; SD = 6.69 t = 2.69 df = 73 p = .009

Thursday, November 14, 2019

Essay --

Seeing a family member taking medication can be very frightening for an eleven year old child, for me however, it was fascinating to see how a single pill can affect the human body. Ever since, I’ve been intrigued by how something so small could have such an impact on one’s quality of life. Over the past years I developed an interest in the science involved in drug discovery, mechanisms and the effect of drugs on body metabolism. Pursuing a career as a pharmacologist; I feel compelled to contribute to the exciting and ever changing field of pharmacological science that has the power to save someone’s life. Studying chemistry and biology at A-level; I have come to appreciate their value within the context of health. In biology, I am fascinated with how the nervous system behaves in the presence of certain chemical compounds found in existing drugs. An area of study during my A2 chemistry course is ‘what’s in medicine?’ I found this topic thought-provoking as it helped me develop my knowledge of how medicinal drugs are synthesized. Furthermore it aided me to comprehend the effect of ... Essay -- Seeing a family member taking medication can be very frightening for an eleven year old child, for me however, it was fascinating to see how a single pill can affect the human body. Ever since, I’ve been intrigued by how something so small could have such an impact on one’s quality of life. Over the past years I developed an interest in the science involved in drug discovery, mechanisms and the effect of drugs on body metabolism. Pursuing a career as a pharmacologist; I feel compelled to contribute to the exciting and ever changing field of pharmacological science that has the power to save someone’s life. Studying chemistry and biology at A-level; I have come to appreciate their value within the context of health. In biology, I am fascinated with how the nervous system behaves in the presence of certain chemical compounds found in existing drugs. An area of study during my A2 chemistry course is ‘what’s in medicine?’ I found this topic thought-provoking as it helped me develop my knowledge of how medicinal drugs are synthesized. Furthermore it aided me to comprehend the effect of ...